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The Appeal to (Irrelevant) Authority (Logical Fallacy)

The appeal to (false or irrelevant) authority  is a  fallacy in which a rhetor  (public speaker or writer) seeks to persuade an audience not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for the famous. Also known as ipse dixit and ad verecundiam, which means he himself said it and argument to modesty or respect respectively, appeals to authority rely entirely upon the trust the audience has as a speakers integrity and expertise on the matter at hand. As W.L. Reese puts it in Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion, though, not every  appeal to authority  commits this fallacy, but every appeal to an authority with respect to matters outside his special province commits the fallacy. Essentially, what he means here is that although not all appeals to authority are fallacies, most are — especially by rhetors with no authority on the topic of discussion. The Art of Deception Manipulation of the general public has been a tool of politicians, religious leaders and marketing experts alike for centuries, utilizing appeal to authority often to support their causes with little to no evidence for doing so. Instead, these figureheads use the art of deception to leverage their fame and recognition as a means to validate their claims.   Have you ever wondered why actors like Luke Wilson endorse ATT as Americas largest wireless phone coverage provider or why Jennifer Aniston appears in Aveeno skincare commercials to say its the best product on the shelves? Marketing firms often hire the most famous A-list celebrities to promote their products for the sole purpose of using their appeal to authority to convince their fans that the product they endorse is worth buying. As Seth Stevenson posits in his 2009 Slate article Indie Sweethearts Pitching Products, Luke Wilsons role in these ATT ads is straight-up spokesman — the [ads] are horribly misleading. The Political Con Game As a result, it is important for audiences and consumers, especially in the political spectrum, to be doubly aware of the logical fallacy of merely trusting someone on their appeal to authority. In order to discern truth in these situations, the first step, then, would be to determine what level of expertise the rhetor has in the field of conversation.   For instance, the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, often cites no evidence in his tweets condemning everyone from political opponents and celebrities to supposed illegal voters in the general election. On November 27, 2016, he famously tweeted In addition to winning the Electoral College in a landslide, I won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally. However, no evidence exists that verify this claim, which only sought to alter public opinion of his opponent Hillary Clintons 3,000,000-vote lead over him in the popular vote count of the 2016 U.S. election, calling her victory illegitimate.   Questioning Expertise This is certainly not unique to Trump — in fact, a large majority of politicians, especially while in public forums and on-the-spot television interviews, use an appeal to authority when facts and evidence are not readily available. Even criminals on trial will use this tactic to attempt to appeal to the empathetic human nature of the jury in order to sway their opinion despite contradictory evidence.   As Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry put it in the 6th edition of Invitation to Critical Thinking, no one is an expert on everything, and therefore no one can be trusted on their appeal to authority every time. The pair comment that whenever an appeal to authority is introduced, it is wise to be aware of the area of expertise of any given authority — and to be mindful of the relevance of that particular area of expertise to the issue under discussion. Essentially, in every case of appeals to authority, be mindful of those tricky appeals to irrelevant authority — just because the speaker is famous, doesnt mean he or she knows anything real about what theyre saying.

Brachiation Project Free Essays

Postcolonial Indices: Brachia Index Monterey Peninsula College Keywords: Hummer, skeletal Indices, locomotion, arboreal, fabrication, Biped, Quadruped, Percolator Abstract I measured multiple Hummer and radiuses from multiple mammals Including H. S. Sapiens In order to correlate a hypothesis on how they move using their Individual brachia indexes. We will write a custom essay sample on Brachiation Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally speaking fabrication is associated with the major alterations in the arm, thorax and hand. The more powerful the arm movements, more robust and â€Å"stronger† the stabilizing musculature must be. Materials and Methods The materials I used included a lightweight field esoteric board, and a pair of spreading calipers. I measured the length of the radius from the Proximal Epiphysis to the Distal Epiphysis and recorded the length in millimeters. I then did the same for the hummers. I then found the fabrication Index by using the equation (R) Radius length / (H) Hummers length X 100 or R/H(OHIO). I did this for the Sea Otter (Anhydride ultra), Human (H. S. It Is one of the many Indexes we use to see how the animal moves. For example we can assume that all of the mammals on the list above besides the human and otter, are in some form swinging from trees because of the higher index. We can take the assumptions to another level. If the arms are longer then the legs then we can assume the animal will be a knuckle walking and fist walking. If the legs are longer than the arm then we can assume bipedal. If the legs are longer then the arms then we can assume leaping and arboreal. Discussion I found that there are several types of fabricators. The gibbons and the signings primarily use arm swinging as a way of getting around and are said to be the best kinds of fabricators. Although the fabricator Indexes Imply that humans and chimpanzees are not the best on the charts they are certainly capable, but they do to practice this as their primary source of locomotion. We as humans are the only ones dedicated to only using bipedal does not mean that the other primates are to upright almost human like. Non-human primates use bipedal locomotion when carrying food. One hypothesis for human bipedal is that it evolved as a result of successful survival from carrying food to share with group members. The Chimpanzees forearm is relatively long in comparison to the humans. The major differences between chimpanzees and humans limbs are contrasts in relative proportion. Some anthropologists believe that fabrication could be a premeditation o bipedal. It was astonishing to me that humans brachia index is so similar to an otters but the otter was in no way designed to swing from a tree. It is also baffling to understand that a ring-tailed lemur, highest on the brachia scale, is closer on this index to an otter then too human. But we have the ability to climb and swing if we so desire. So it poses the question as to why the brachia index of the otter says it could swing from trees but the otter has yet to evolve this desire to do so. So what we can conclude from the brachia index is that the environment plays a significant role in evolving the ways in which animals move. Reference Elaine N. Evident, W. C. How to cite Brachiation Project, Papers

Harrison Bergeron Study Guide Answers free essay sample

Be able to define the following words and understand them when they appear in the story or class discussion. oppression-   Be able to define each term and apply each term to the story. calibrated-Mark (a gauge or instrument) with a standard scale of readings. consternation-confused amazement or fear cower-Crouch down in fear. hindrance-A thing that provides resistance, delay, or obstruction to something or someone. luminous-Bright or shining, esp. in the dark. synchronizing-Cause to occur or operate at the same time or rate vigilance alert attention,watchfulness ince to shrink/flinch involuntarily especially in pain. anachronism-A thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, esp. a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned. example:In literature, I can quote Shakespeare from Julius Caesar, a play written in the 16th century about events that happened in approximately 100 BC . . . he plucked me ope his doublet and offered them his throat to cut. We will write a custom essay sample on Harrison Bergeron Study Guide Answers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page allusion- An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference. xample: â€Å"I am no Prince Hamlet. â€Å" setting-The place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place: a peaceful country setting. example:When the weather was good, I used the tree house in my backyard as an office. What is the setting of the story? Mostly during the day in a populated country. satire-The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices What is the author satirizing? Harrison looks. point of view- The main theme of the story. theme- related events. From what point of view is the story told? 1st person What is the theme of the story? Everyone should have equal laws but people shouldnt be treated differently. III.   Answer the following questions. 1. What has guaranteed equality in the story? Harrison shooting and demands. 2. How old is Harrison 14 ? 3. What has happened to Harrison and why? He was shot because he demanded to be emperor and everyone should be equal. 4. How has the government made George and Hazel equal? Because theyre married. What does George have to wear? A hearing band. And what does this do? Sends out an noisy sound every 20 sec or so. 5. What does Hazel say she would do if she were Handicap General? Ignore people 6. What is the name of the Handicap General? 7. What is the consequence for taking lessening the weight of the handicap bag? The louder the noise. 8. What reason does George give for not trying to cheat? That he’s sorry. Because of this reason, what can we infer about George’s opinion of the current laws? He hates them. 9. Why wasn’t the news bulletin clear at first to the George and Hazel and other viewers? Because the anchorman was stuttering. 10. Why did the ballerina apologize about her voice? Because it was deep and manly. 11. What is the news bulletin? Harrison is missing. 12. Describe Harrison Bergeron with all of his handicaps? Heavy scrap chains about 300 lbs, glasses that make him half blind,and a headset 13. What does Harrison declare on television? He’s emperor and that every handicap should take off there headset. 14. What happens to Harrison? Be specific. He was dancing with his empress and he was in the air and the general shot him before he reached the floor.